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Hookah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a traditonal smoking pipe. For divers supplied with breathing gas from the surface, see surface supplied diving
Egyptian hookah
Syrian chiller hookah
Armenian priest relaxing with a hookah in Jerusalem A hookah (Hindustani: हुक़्क़ा / ÍÞøÀ huqqa) is a single or multi-stemmed (often glass based) water pipe device for smoking; originating in India,[1][2] that has gained popularity especially in the Arab World. A hookah operates by water-filtration and indirect heat. It can be used for smoking many substances, such as herbal fruits and tobacco.
Depending on locality, hookahs may be referred to by many other names (often of Arab, Indian, Turkish, Uzbek, or Persian origin). Arghile or Narghile is the name most commonly used in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Albania,Greece, Israel, Bulgaria and Romania, though the initial "n" is often dropped in Arabic. "Narghile" is from the Persian word "nārgil" or "coconut". In Sanskrit nārikela (नारीकेल), as the original, primitive hookahs were made out of coconut shells.[3] Shisha (ÔíÔÉ) is from the Persian word shishe (ÔیÔå, literally translated as glass and not bottle), and is primarily used for water pipes in Egypt and the Arab countries of the Gulf (such as Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia) as well as Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia and Yemen. In Iran it is called ghalyoun or ghalyan (ÞáíÇä) and in India and Pakistan it is referred to as huqqa (हुक़्क़ा ÍÞøÀ).
The archaic form of this latter Indian name hookah is most commonly used in English for historical reasons, as it was in India that large numbers of English-speakers first sampled the effects of the water pipe. William Hickey wrote in his Memoirs that shortly after arrival in Calcutta in 1775:
[edit] culture [edit] Middle East [edit] Arab World
Bedouin smoking hookah, locally called "argileh", in a coffee house in Deir ez-Zor, near the Euphrates River, 1920s. In the Arab world, social smoking is done with a single or double hose. When the smoker is finished, either the hose is placed back on the table signifying that it is free, or it is handed from one user to the next, folded back on itself so that the mouthpiece does not point at the person receiving it. (Stories tell Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar thought of it as an insult if the mouthpiece pointed at the person, but there are no official facts.) Another tradition is that the receiver taps or slaps the giver on the back of the hand while taking it as a sign of respect or friendship. In cafés and restaurants, however, it is rare for each smoker not to order an individual hookah, as the price is generally low, ranging from $USD2 to $USD10. Most cafés (called maqha— Arabic: ãÞåì, "coffeeshop") in the Middle East have hookahs available. Cafés are very widespread, and are amongst the main social gathering places the Arab world (similar to the status pubs have in the UK). [edit] Iran
Persian woman, in Qajari dress seen here smoking the traditional Qalyan. In Iran, the hookah is known as a ghalyoun (Persian: ÞáíÇä) (also spelt ghalyan or ghelyoon). It is similar in many ways to the Arabic hookah but has its own unique attributes. An example is the top part of the ghalyoun called 'sar' (Persian: ÓÑ=head), where the tobacco is placed, is bigger than the ones seen in Turkey. Also the major part of the hose is flexible and covered with soft silk or cloth while the Turkish make the wooden part as big as the flexible part. There are mouthpieces called 'Amjid' (ÇãÌیÏ) that each person has his own personal one, usually made of wood or metal and decorated with valuable or other stones. Amjids are only used for their fancy look. However, all the Hookah Bars have plastic mouth-pieces. Use of water pipes in Iran can be traced back to the Qajar period. In those days the were made of sugar cane. Persians had a special tobacco called Khansar (ÎÇäÓÇÑ, presumably name of the origin city). The charcoals would be put on the Khansar without foil.Khansar has less smoke than the normal tobacco
[edit] Turkey
Hookah smoking by coffee shop in Diyarrbakir 1909 In Turkey, hookah is smoked on a social basis, usually in one's home with guests or in cafe with friends. Most cities have hookah cafes where hookah is offered with a non- alcoholic drink (mainly tea). This is mostly for health reasons rather than cultural reasons. Often people will smoke hookah after dinner as a replacement for cigarettes. In bigger cities such as Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and Adana, restaurants may have dinner & hookah specials which include meal, beverage (alcoholic/non-alcoholic), Turkish coffee and hookah. In certain parts of the country, people use hookah cafes to watch popular TV shows, national sports games, etc. and smoke hookah to socialize. Once the centre of Istanbul’s social and political life, the hookah is considered one of life’s great pleasures by the locals today.
[edit] Israel
Hookah for sale in jerusalem at the shuk In Israel, the hookah is prevalent among Middle Eastern Jewish immigrants from Iran Iraq, Turkey and Yemen (collectively known as Mizrahi Jews). Hookah use is also common in the Arab home where families will commonly smoke after a large meal or at a family gathering. Many Jewish families have also adopted this custom, although individual usage patterns vary according to culture heritage and custom. Hookahs are becoming increasingly popular within Israel particularly among tourists. Shops selling paraphernalia can be found on most high streets and markets. Most nightclubs also have hookahs. In 2005, due to an increase in use among youth, a campaign has been launched by The Israel Cancer Association warning against the hazards of hookah smoking, and the IDF has forbidden the use of hookahs by soldiers within its bases. [ edit] Other Asian countries [ edit] india In the Indian subcontinent the hookah is becoming better known, and cafés and restaurants that offer it as a consumable are popular. The use of hookahs from ancient times in India was not only a custom, but a matter of prestige. Rich and landed classes would smoke hookahs. Tobacco is smoked in hookahs in many villages as per traditional customs. Smoking molasses in a hookah is now becoming popular amongst the youth in India. It is a growing trend amongst youngsters and adolescents. There are several chain clubs, Bars and coffee shops (such as Mocha) in India offering a variety of hookah. The new trends emerging are that of non-tobacco hookahs with herbal flavours. Several modern restaurants are famous for this. [edit ] Pakistan In Pakistan, hookahs have become very popular in the cosmopolitan cities. The Hookah or Sheesha craze hit Karachi and the rest of Pakistan following the opening of Damascus Restaurant in 1999. Many clubs and cafes are offering them and it has become quite popular amongst the youth and students in Pakistan. This form of smoking has become very popular for social gatherings, functions, and events. There are a large number of cafes, restaurants, and chill out places offering a variety of sheesha and hookahs. [edit]Malaysia Malaysia too has seen an increase in sheesha use and cafes offering sheesha pipes. in[5] the Philippines, the popularity is vastly growing, in the capital's most cosmopolitan city, Makati; various high-end bars and clubs offer hookahs to patrons. In Afganistan, hookah has been popular, especially in Kabul, for some time. "Chillam", as is called the Afghan narghile. Although hookah use has been common for hundreds of years and enjoyed by people of all ages, it has just begun to become a youth-oriented pastime in Asia in recent times. Hookahs are most popular with college students and teenagers, who may be underage and thus unable to purchase cigarettes [6] [edit] south Africa In South Africa, hookah, colloquially known as a hubbly bubbly, is popular amongst the Cape Malay, Indian population, where it is smoked as a social pastime.[7] However, hookah is seeing increasing popularity with white South Africans, especially the youth. Hookah bars are relatively uncommon, and smoking is normally done at home or in public spaces such as beaches and picnic sites. In South Africa, the terminology of the various hookah components also differ from other countries. The clay "head/bowl" is known as a "clay pot". The hoses are called "pipes" and the air release valve is known, strangely, as a "clutch". [edit] Europe
In Spain, the use of the hookah has recently increased in popularity. They are usually readily available at tea-oriented coffeehouses, called teterías in Spanish, which are often ran by Arab immigrants or have some other sort of affinity with the east. Hookahs are usually sold at prices between €10 and €70, and hookah tobacco and charcoal is easily found in those same coffee houses, or at stores run by eastern immigrants. Immigrants and native Spanish alike enjoy this custom, and it is usually seen as a lighter way of smoking than cigarettes. Buying one's own tobacco and hookah is usually noticeably less expensive than ordering hookahs at a coffee house. Hookahs are also becoming increasingly popular in Moscow and other Russian cities Many bars employ a "hookah man" or "niam" which is commonly pronounced "ni-eem (Rus. кальянщик tr. kal'yanshchik), often of middle-eastern appearance and wearing an approximation of Arab or Turkish costume, to bring the pipes to customers' tables and wrappings may be provided to each person at the table for hygiene reasons. Hookahs are popular as well in Kyiv and other Ukrainian cities. All the youth hookah fashion looks the same way it looks in Russia. Indian restaurants but are most commonly found in Lebanese restaurants and Egyptian- run "hubbly-bubbly" bars. Concentrations of these hookah establishments are often found in close proximity to University campuses, as on Rusholme's Curry Mile in Manchester or in Oxford, and they cater to a mixture of British and Middle-Eastern clientel amongst students. A ban on public smoking was enacted in Scotland in 2006, and a similar ban has taken effect in England on July 1st 2007. Hookah bars have since been closed, as there is a complete ban of smoking in enclosed public areas; however, some businesses have remained open, functioning as normal cafés. Hookaah has been recently very popular in Indian Youth and places like Mocks and Sigaaras have made it very popular with Metropolitan cities like Mumbai. Hookah smoking has also risen in popularity in Germany, particularly in Berlin and Cologne, where many hookah bars exist due in part to a relatively large Turkish population. Hookahs are also very easy to acquire. During the 2006 World Cup, many booths in the area outside of the Zoologischer Garten Bahnhof specialized in selling the water-pipes and flavored tobacco. In addition, many people create homemade hookahs due to the relative ease of construction and the high cost of a quality pipe. Hooka (locally called Shisha) bars are even commonly found in towns with just 100,000 inhabitants. In Italy, hookah bars are still not so common, but their number is increasing, as hookah (usually known only as narghilè) smoking is currently gaining favor and seen as less dangerous and irritating for other nearby then cigarettes (yet, it is covered by the no smoke in public locals law if not for dedicated places or rooms). As a matter of note the italian government banned the selling of the usual hookah wet and fruits flavoured tobacco as it does not pass under the statal monopoly on tobaccos (Monopolio di Stato) and, more important to health, is not regulated by precise rules before selling, unlike the normal, dry tobacco, and being wet have actually more possibility of being of low quality, partially degraded or containing colonies of bacterias which could not be completly killed by ember's fire while smoking In Sweden, hookah smoking is on the rise. Cheap hookahs and hookah-related products, like tobacco and charcoal, are now available in the many kiosk-like businesses run by immigrants, mostly of middle-eastern origin, found in the larger cities. Hookahs are mostly used by teenagers and immigrants, but the use is slowly becoming more widespread. Hookah bars and similar establishments are still very rare though, in part due to anti-smoking laws which forbids smoking in restaurants and in public buildings. In the Czech republic, hookah is relatively common in many tearooms (usually cost between 100 and 150 CZK). Hookash are usually sold in specialided orient-shops and tearooms at prices mostly between 500 and 2500 CZK. Local names for hookah are "šíša", "vodnice", "voďár", "vodní dýmka", etc … Hookah ('vesipiip' in Estonian) has also gained major popularity in Estonia, where it has caused contoversy amongst the troubled parents. Still, you can hardly find any party or (youth) gathering without a hookah. [edit]United States and Canada Main article:Hookah lounge Recently many cities, states and countries have implemented anti-smoking policies. In most jurisdictions, Hookah business can be exempted from the policies through special permits. Some permits however, have requirements such as the business earn a certain minimum percentage of their revenue from alcohol or tobacco. In some cases Hookah bars have been forced to close or consider alternatives, such as offering non-tobacco based maʿasel. In many cities though, hookah lounges have been growing in popularity - particularly near college campuses or cities with large Middle- Eastern communities [edit]Mexico In Mexico hookah bars have gained popularity in recent years, becoming a popular trend among young people. Some places are simply hookah cafes, while others are night-clubs offering hookah along with alcoholic beverages. They are often located at fashion zones like La Condesa or Santa Fe. The increasing popularity of the hookah is also due to the Middle Eastern immigrant families that have been settled in Mexico for some time now. The smoking of the hookah has also become a social pass time for week end afternoons. Although there is an increasing demand for hookah there are still few places that offer this pleasure. Unlike in Middle Eastern countries it is not habitual to smoke a hookah while, or immediately after a dinner. The smoking of hookah is done later usually in the late afternoon, and very commonly use alcoholic beverages (such as vodka or tequila) as filters instead of the traditional usage of water.
edit] Structure and operation [edit]Components
A look-through of the components of a hookah
Damascene woodworkers creating wood for hookahs, 19th century. Excluding grommets, a hookah is usually made of five components, four of which are essential for its operation [edit]The bowl Also known as the head of the hookah, the bowl is a container, usually made out of clay or marble, that holds the tobacco and coal during the smoking session. [edit]Hose The hose is a slender tube that allows the smoke to be drawn. The end is typically fitted with a metal or wooden mouthpiece. [edit]Body, Gasket, Valve The body of the hookah is a hollow tube with a gasket at its bottom. The gasket itself has at least one opening for the hose. The gasket seals the connection of the body of the hookah with the water jar. The gasket may have one more opening with a valve in it for clearing the smoke from the water jar not via the hose. [edit]Water jar Placed at the bottom of the hookah, the water jar is a container which the smoke from the tobacco passes through before it reaches the hose. By passing through water, the smoke gains moisture. This makes inhaling the smoke of the hookah easier than a cigarette's. Also the water jar allegedly functions as a filter for the smoke. The level of the water has to be higher than the lowest point of the body's tube in order for the smoke to pass through it. Liquids other than water may be added, such as a strong mixture of alcohol,spirit and/or fruit juice. [edit]The plate The plate is usually just below the bowl and is used for "dead" coals from previous smoking sessions. It is not vital for the operation of the hookah. [edit]Grommets The jar at the bottom of the hookah is filled with water sufficient to submerge a few centimeters of the body tube, which is sealed tightly to it. Tobacco is placed inside the bowl at the top of the hookah and a burning charcoal is placed on top of the tobacco. Some cultures cover the bowl with perforated tin foil to separate the coal and the tobacco, which minimizes inhalation of coal ash with the smoke. When one inhales via the hose, air is pulled through the coal and into the bowl. The air, hot from the charcoal, roasts, not burns, the tobacco, producing smoke. This smoke passes down through the body tube, which extends into the water in the jar. It bubbles up through the water and fills the top part of the jar, to which the hose is attached. When a smoker inhales from the hose, smoke passes into the lungs, and the change in pressure in the jar pulls more air through the charcoal, continuing the process. The hookah's components must be sealed tightly with grommets, or air which does not flow through the coal will dilute the smoke. [edit]Tobacco
Hookah tobacco, as shown here, often has a damp and sticky appearance derived from the honey or other sweeteners added. [edit]Tobamel Tobamel A sweet substance smoked in a hookah pipe, usually containing tobacco. Tobamel is legal in Canada and the United States. Due to its nicotine content, those who smoke it often experience a mild stimulating effect. Nicotine is the addictive drug also found in cigarettes, cigars, and other tobacco products. [edit]Maʿasel Maʿasel, ãÚÓá, (as there are many ways of transliterating Arabic, the transliterated spelling of the word may vary), arabic for, literally, honeyed, and is the name the "shisha tobacco" is labeled as by the arabic producers like Egyptian based Nakhla Tobacco. [edit]Tumbâk
Tumbâk is word of Turkish origin and refers simply to tobacco, not necessarily flavored or sweetened. The Persian word tumbeki and the Hindi/Urdu word Tumbako are similar. [edit]Jurâk Jurâk, mainly of Indian origin, might be considered as an intermediate substance between traditional sweetened tobaccos and the fruity hookah of modern times. The term applies both to a tobacco mixture that includes fruits or aromatic oils as well as tobacco that is just sweetened. [edit]Flavours Molasses tobacco is sold in a variety of flavours. Some of the flavours in which it is available are derived from the addition of artificial flavourings; other manufacturers shun these. A few of the flavours are based upon the scent of flowers. Flavours include vanilla, coconut, rose, honey, strawberry, watermelon, mint, cherry, orange, apple, apricot, chocolate, coffee, grape, peach, cola, gum, etc The Double-Apple (Persian:ÏæÓیÈ,Do-Sib) is also a very popular flavour in the middle- east by the every day hookah-smokers because of the strength. But most two-apple tobacco seen in the U.S. stores are just apple flavour and aren't as strong. Zaghloul is often served with a broken coal mixed into the hookah itself[ citation needed]. [edit]Merchandising
Hookah dealership in a Cairo marketplace Some notable brands of flavored tobacco from include: Al Amir, Al Fakher, Habibi Hookafina, Abajûra, El-bâshâ , El-'Esfahâny, En-nakhla, Ibyâry, Shîh 'el-beled, Zeglûl. All of these are Egyptian except for Shîh 'el-beled which is Tunisian and Serbetli which is as well as Sima Sultan Turkish. This is in addition to Bahraini molasses such as Bahraini Apple (done by local firms, and adopted by huge international hookah molasses firms such as Al Nakhla as well), and Bahraini Zeglul, and UAE Based Al Fakher molasses, which is often softer in taste than the Egyptian molasses. Today there are also numerous varieties produced in the West with more coming to market each year. Besides being sold in little packets as is rolling tobacco, hookah is also sold in cardboard boxes and plastic jars. Packaging is generally illustrated with bright floral motifs, fruit, lush gardens and romantic images of sultans or pashas. The relative proportions of tobacco, treacle, fruits and spices, on average, 30%, 50% and 20% respectively[citation needed]. The substance is generally valid for two years; boxes usually indicate the production date. Health warnings about lung cancer risks and cardiovascular disease appear on these products similar to other tobacco products elsewhere in the world. Some manufacturers like Soex produce tobacco-free flavored herbal blends and market these as shisha as well. These herbal blends typically advertise themselves as having no tar and nicotine, thus a safer alternative that is still enjoyable. Other Distributors provide tobacco-based flavored blends as well as a variety of hookahs. [edit]Style and health [edit]Health benefits and risks
he caterpillar using a hookah, from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Today's media sometimes suggests that hookah can be a more health threatening activity than smoking cigarettes. Research suggests that a session of hookah tobacco smoking (tobacco molasses) which lasts 45 minutes delivers slightly more tar and carbon monoxide(around 5-10%) than a packet of cigarettes.[8] This study has, however, come under criticism for using unrealistically high temperatures for the tobacco (600-650 degrees C) and using arbitrary figures for tar filtration rates.[citation needed] This could possibly have skewed results, as the carcinogenic and toxin levels of smoke increases dramatically with temperature (Wynder 1958). Common practice is to keep temperatures to degrees which do not "char" the hookah; that is within a temperature range of 100-150 C. (Chaouachi K: Patologie associate all'uso del narghile). The effects of these lower temperatures on tar are inconclusive, though Chaouachi indicates the tar would be less harmful ome hookah tobaccos claim to contain 0.0% Tar. However research has indicated that the use of the hookah may reduce comparative cancer risks, though such studies are not conclusive (Hoffman[9], Rakower, Salem 1983 and 90, Gupta Dheeraj 2001, Tandon 1995, Lubin 1992, Hazelton 2001, Stirling 1979). The levels of carbon monoxide produced during a hookah session varies widely depending on the type of coal used. Japanese charcoals are thought to produce lower amounts of carbon monoxide. However there is a notable difference in areas of carbon monoxide absorption, in that while cigarettes have a notable effect on the small respiratory tracts rather, shisha smoking mostly affects the major airways (Bakir 1991, Kiter). This means a lessened FEV vs FEV1/FVC ratio compared to cigarettes, which is believed to be less harmful for the airways long-term. It should be considered as a "safe" alternative to common cigarette smoking. A report[10] released in 2005 by WHO (World Health Organization) claimed to have researched the effects of water-pipe smoking. A popular article by K Chaouachi, a French researcher who has been studying hookah usage and effects throughout the world since 1997, highlighted the mistakes and errors made by the WHO TobReg in its report[11]. The WHO TobReg's report is used in a lot of media articles about hookah smoking and its effects. Chaouachi also authored a book[12] in 2007 which offers a complete look at data collected from his studies on hookahs and hookah users. Hookahs can also be smoked with herbal flavours. These contain Sugar Cane Bagasse with no tobacco, nicotine or tar. The popular brands are Soex, Highlife & Black Label. This new method of smoking is aimed at replacing tobacco and its health effects. Therefore no research or discovered health risks have been conducted on herbal flavous. There has been a study that claims that this could be safer than traditional tobacco used in hookahs[13] Many articles[14] suggest that there is simply not enough research to provide answers to determine the effects of hookah smoking. Research is under way by Fogarty International Center-funded Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Egyptian Smoking Prevention Research Institute, Research for International Tobacco Control-funded Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Group at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon. [edit]References
[1]Hookah history, etiquette, setup and maintenance Shisha aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopadie
Arabische Wasserpfeife
Eine Shisha (auch Sheesha; deutsche Transkription: Schischa) ist eine Wasserpfeife arabischen Ursprungs. Im Gegensatz zur Bong wird in der Shisha meist Tabak mit Fruchtaromen oder ähnlichen Geschmacksrichtungen geraucht. Die Ursprungsform des Wortes ist persisch shishe (ÔíÔå) "Glas". Das Wort gelangte ins Türkische (şişe "Glas") sowie ins Arabische, wo es in den nordafrikanischen Dialekten des Arabischen den Glaskörper der Wasserpfeife sowie die Pfeife insgesamt bezeichnet. Im Türkischen wird die Pfeife als nargile bezeichnet, was auf das persische Wort nargile (äÑíáå) „Kokosnuss und letztlich auf das Sanskrit-Wort nārikela (नारीकेल) zurückgeht, das ebenfalls „Kokosnuss“ bedeutet und Aufschluss darüber gibt, dass die Pfeife ursprünglich aus Indien stammte und aus Kokosnüssen hergestellt wurde. Aus dem türkischen Namen abgeleitete Bezeichnungen sind narǧīla (äÑÌíáÉ) und arǧīla (ÃÑÌíáÉ) in den arabischen Dialekten des östlichen Mittelmeerraums und Syriens und im Hebräischen sowie narjilés (ναργιλές) im Griechischen. Im Arabischen existieren weitere Bezeichnungen für bestimmte Wasserpfeifentypen, so z.B. in Ägypten und im Sudan gōza (ÌæÒÉ, wörtlich „Nuss“) für eine kleine, transportable Pfeife, die häufig zum Rauchen von Haschisch verwendet wird.
Geschichte Das Prinzip der Shisha soll aus Indien stammen. Dort soll die erste Shisha aus einem in eine Kokosnuss gesteckten Bambusstock bestanden haben. Ab dem 16. Jahrhundert gelangte die Shisha zu den Osmanen. Um die Shisha entwickelte sich eine Gemeinschaftskultur, die bis heute Bestand hat. Die Popularität der Shisha verbreitete sich ebenfalls im Iran und übertrug sich von dort in weite Teile der arabischen Welt. Die Shisha wurde in vielen arabischen Ländern ein fester Bestandteil der Kultur; das gemeinsame Rauchen wurde und wird bis heute als Symbol der Gastfreundlichkeit angesehen. In der Türkei wurde die Shisha in ihrer heutigen Erscheinungsform verbreitet Von dort aus wurde sie in die westliche Welt exportiert, wo sie im 20. Jahrhundert als alternativeForm des Tabakrauchens akzeptiert wurde. Speziell in Europa erfreut sie sich heute wachsender Beliebtheit. In vielen Städten gibt es bereits Cafés und Bars, in denen Wasserpfeifen bestellt werden können. Auch in Parks oder anderen öffentlichen Freizeiteinrichtungen gehen vor allem junge Menschen dem Shisharauchen nach. Seit dem Jahr 2001 herrscht auch in Deutschland ein regelrechter „Shisha-Boom“. Benötigte Utensilien Wasserpfeifentabak
Wasserpfeifentabak
Shishatabakmit 25% Feuchtigkeit Der Wasserpfeifentabak ist ein spezieller feuchter Tabak, der aus einer Mischung von Tabak, Melasse und Glycerin besteht. Er ist deutlich feuchter als Pfeifen- oder Zigarrentabak. Vor allem im europäischen Raum wird aromatisierter Tabak geraucht, welcher in vielen verschiedenen Geschmacksrichtungen erhältlich ist. Die wohl bekannteste davon ist Doppelapfel; es gibt jedoch neben weiteren Apfeltabaken noch viele andere Sorten, wie beispielsweise Kirsche, Minze, Orange, Zitrone, Mango, Vanille, Banane, Cappuccino, Karamell, Lakritze, Kokosnuss, Multifrucht, Rose, Traube, Erdbeere, Pfirsich, Melone und auch Cola. Die Produzenten lassen sich immer neue und außergewöhnliche Geschmacksrichtungen einfallen, so gibt es mittlerweile auch schon Basilikum- oder Bier-Tabak. In arabischen Ländern, im Iran und in Aserbaidschan wird mehrheitlich nicht aromatisierter Tabak geraucht. Teilweise wird der Tabak dort durch die Zugabe von Orienttabaken und Honig selbst aromatisiert. Seltener ist die Zugabe von Rosenwasser in der Bowl oder spezieller Hölzer zur Kohle. Ein großer Unterschied zur europäischen Rauchweise ist, dass in den arabischen Ländern häufig ohne Alufolie geraucht wird - die Kohle wird also direkt auf den Tabak gelegt. Wasserpfeifentabak ist von seiner Konsistenz her nicht mit gewöhnlichem Tabak zu vergleichen und hat wegen seines viel höheren Feuchthaltemittelanteils (etwa 20 bis 40 Prozent) eine klebrige, teigartige Konsistenz. Auf Grund dieser Feuchtigkeit tritt Wasserpfeifentabak derzeit mit geltenden Qualitätsmerkmalen der deutschen Tabakverordnung von 1977 in Konflikt, wonach Rauchtabak nur maximal fünf Prozent Feuchthaltemittelanteil enthalten darf. Seitdem der Zoll 2004 begann, die Einfuhr von gegen diese Richtlinie verstoßendem Tabak zu unterbinden, gibt es speziellen Tabak für den deutschen Markt. Dieser wird von den Rauchern meist nachträglich mit Glycerin aus der Apotheke oder mit eigens im Laden oder Internetversand erhältlicher Melasse befeuchtet, was aber meist nicht dieselbe Qualität hervorbringt wie Tabak, dem bereits bei der Produktion Feuchthaltemittel zugegeben wird. Einige Raucher versuchen sich seither auch an der Eigenproduktion. Wasserpfeifenkohle Die Wasserpfeifenkohle (auch Fachma genannt) ist meist Holzkohle ohne Zusätze wie Petroleum. Man unterscheidet zwei Arten: Es gibt zum einen selbstzündende Kohletabletten, die geringe Mengen Schwarzpulver enthalten und so mit Hilfe eines Feuerzeugs angezündet werden können und je nach Art etwa 30 bis 90 Minuten glühen. Diese Kohletabletten besitzen in der Regel einen Einheitsdurchmesser von 33 oder 40 Millimetern. Als Alternative kann sogenannte Naturkohle verwendet werden. Diese besteht häufig aus gepressten Kokosnussschalen (Cococha) mit einem sehr hohen Heizwert. Andere Arten von Naturkohle werden aus Orangen- oder Olivenbaumholz gewonnen. Diese Kohlearten sind meist schwefelfrei und besitzen eine Stabform. Da die Kokoskohlen kein Schwarzpulver enthalten, lassen sie sich nicht durch ein bloßes Feuerzeug, sondern nur durch Gebrauch eines Kohleofens anzünden. Kokoskohle brennt länger und ermöglicht, die entstehende Hitze besser zu regulieren. Aufbau Eine Shisha entspricht im Aufbau einer chemischen Waschflasche. Sie besteht aus mindestens vier Teilen: einem Gefäß, einer Rauchsäule, einem Topf und einem Schlauch. Das Gefäß wird Bowl oder Vase genannt. Es ist häufig verziert und besteht aus Glas, Metall oder Acryl. Auf das Wassergefäß wird die Rauchsäule gesteckt oder geschraubt. Sie ist im allgemeinen aus Metall, das mit Chrom oder Messing beschichtet wurde und ebenfalls verziert sein kann. Manche Rauchsäulen sind auch aus Holz gefertigt, was jedoch den Nachteil bergen kann, dass sie nach einer Weile die Feuchtigkeit aufnehmen und dadurch zu riechen beginnen kann. Auf die Rauchsäule wird der Topf bzw. Kopf gesetzt. Es handelt sich dabei um ein kleines Gefäß aus Ton oder Metall, das an seiner Unterseite Löcher aufweist. An der Rauchsäule befindet sich mindestens ein „Rauchanschluss“ für einen Schlauch. Es gibt auch Shishas mit mehreren Rauchanschlüssen. Moderne Shishas besitzen außerdem ein einfaches Druckventil an der Rauchsäule, um „schlechten Rauch“ auspusten zu können. Der Schlauch einer Shisha besteht oft aus Leder, Kautschuk oder Kunststoff. Es gibt viele Shisha-Varianten: Zerlegbare Rauchsäulen, Ablageteller, andere Materialien und vieles mehr. Die Größe der zusammengesetzten Shisha ist sehr unterschiedlich. In Shisha-Cafés werden meistens Pfeifen mit Höhen von 60 bis 90 Zentimetern angeboten. Auch sogenannte Mini-Shishas mit einer Höhe von bis zu 40 Zentimetern sind mittlerweile erhältlich. Funktionsweise Um eine Shisha zu rauchen, füllt man das Wassergefäß (Bowl) und steckt (oder schraubt) die Rauchsäule auf seine Öffnung. Das Rohr muss dabei etwa zwei bis drei cm in das Wasser hineinragen und mit der Gefäßöffnung dicht abschließen. Danach befüllt man den Tabakkopf, am oberen Ende des Aufsatzes, mit etwa 5 bis 10 Gramm Wasserpfeifentabak (siehe oben: Wasserpfeifentabak), wichtig dabei ist, dass mindestens ein halber Zentimeter Abstand zwischen Tabak und Alufolie gelassen wird, damit der Tabak nicht verbrennt. Den gefüllten Tabak-Topf deckt man mit mehrfach gefalteter, gelochter Alufolie ab. Meistens ist im Lieferumfang der Shisha auch ein Metallsieb enthalten, welches eine Alternative zur Alufolie ist. Auf die Alufolie legt man ein Stück glühender Wasserpfeifenkohle. Die Kohle kann bei nicht-aromatisierten Tabaken direkt auf den Tabak gelegt werden. Durch die glühende Kohle wird die im Wasserpfeifentabak enthaltene Feuchtigkeit mit den Aromastoffen erhitzt und verdampft. Durch Saugen am Mundstück entsteht in der Flasche ein Unterdruck, der durch den blubbernden Rauch aus dem Rohr ausgeglichen wird. Der Wasserpfeifentabak wird also nicht direkt verbrannt, sondern eher ausgedünstet. Aufgrund des langen Weges durch das Metallrohr, das Wasser und den Schlauch ist der aromatisierte Rauch kühl und viel angenehmer als der Tabakrauch einer Zigarette oder einer Tabakspfeife. Dieser Effekt kann noch verstärkt werden, indem Eis ins Wasser der Bowl gegeben wird oder die Bowl in einen Eimer mit Eiswürfeln gestellt wird. Einige Shishas besitzen auch spezielle Behälter direkt an der Rauchsäule zur Eiszufuhr Das Gefäß kann auch mit anderen (meist alkoholhaltigen) Flüssigkeiten, zum Beispiel Whiskey oder Rotwein gefüllt werden. Dies soll, bei alkoholhaltigen Flüssigkeiten, einen besonderen Rausch hervorrufen, aber auch positive Auswirkungen auf den Geschmack haben. Um Naturkohle zum Glühen zu bringen eignet sich ein Camping-Gaskocher oder ein kleiner Lötbrenner. Im Fachhandel sind aber auch spezielle, elektrische Kohleanzünder erhältlich. Naturkohle brennt etwa 90 Minuten. Schädlichkeit des Shisharauchens Die Schädlichkeit und die Auswirkungen der Shisha auf die Gesundheit sind umstritten. Da die Wasserpfeife grundsätzlich zum Tabakrauchen dient, birgt der Shisha-Konsum die für Tabakprodukte typischen Gefahren; durch Zusatzstoffe im Tabak könnten diese noch verstärkt werden. Da der wassergekühlte Rauch sich leichter inhalieren lässt, kann er besonders für unerfahrene Raucher wie Kinder und Jugendliche gefährlich sein und die Shisha zum Einstiegsmittel in den Nikotinkonsum werden lassen. Die Mehrheit der Schadstoffe wird auch nur zu einem kleinen Teil vom Wasser zurückgehalten. Im Tabak enthaltenes oder selbst zur Befeuchtung hinzugefügtes Glycerin zerfällt bei Erhitzen unter Sauerstoffmangel zum hochgiftigen Propenal, welches jedoch wasserlöslich ist und deshalb größtenteils vom Wasser absorbiert wird. Daneben lassen sich je nach Größe der Rauchsäule unterschiedliche Nikotin- und Kondensat-Rückstände in ihr finden, was von manchen Shisha-Rauchern als Indiz für das geringe Verlangen nach Tabakwaren nach dem Genuss einer Shisha gedeutet wird. In einer Studie vom April 2004 zitiert das Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR) darüber hinaus Studien, denen zufolge die aufgenommenen Schadstoffmengen teilweise sogar größer seien als bei filterlosen Zigaretten. Die Wasserpfeife gibt die gleiche Menge an Nikotin ab wie eine gewöhnliche Zigarette. Der Raucher einer Wasserpfeife nimmtaber im Vergleich mehr Kohlenmonoxid und fast die zwanzigfache Menge an Teer aufAnzumerken ist aber, dass das BfR hier den Rauch einer Zigarette ohne Filter mit demRauch einer gesamten Shishasitzung (100 bis 170 Züge) verglichen hat. Im Rauch derWasserpfeife wurden Schadstoffe wie Arsen, Chrom und Nickel nachgewiesen, die zuLungenkrebs, Blasenkrebs und Tumoren an den Lippen führen können. Nachlangjährigem Konsum von Wasserpfeifen ließen sich außerdem Verschlechterungen der Lungenfunktion sowie ein erhöhtes Risiko von Tumorerkrankungen feststellen. DieGefährlichkeit des Shisharauchens sei kaum geringer als die von Zigarettenkonsum Untersuchungen der Universität Jeddah (Saudi Arabien) zufolge ist Wasserpfeifentabak fast so gesundheitsgefährdend wie das Rauchen von Zigaretten. Hier ist aber zuerwähnen, dass in arabischen Ländern hauptsächlich starker Tabak mit neutralem Geschmack (Salloumtabak) geraucht und die Kohle direkt aufgelegt wird. Da die Shishagewöhnlich nicht so häufig wie Zigaretten konsumiert wird, wird die Gefahr ein wenig kleiner, da die Schadstoffe, die sich auch in der Lunge absetzen, abgebaut werdenkönnen.
Trotz dieser leichten methodischen Schwächen der Studien, die nicht alle Varianten des Konsums abdecken, kann die frühere Einschätzung der Ungefährlichkeit eindeutig als widerlegt gelten Shisharauchen im Orient
C afé in Diyarbakır, 1909. Traditionell wird das Shisharauchen zelebriert, sodass es als etwas Besonderes erscheint. So werden zu festlichen Anlässen oder an Tagen, an denen viele Freunde zusammenkommen, Shishas konsumiert. Um das Vergnügen noch zu steigern, werdenwährend des Shisharauchens Speisen und Getränke eingenommen. In den orientalischen Ländern wird zu Shisha oft Tee getrunken, vor allem, da der Tee den Geschmack im Mund etwas neutralisiert, um den Geschmack der Shisha bei jedem Zug erneut voll zu spüren. Auch, um das eben genannte Hungergefühl zu dämpfen, werden beim Shisharauchen häufig kleine Speisen wie Kekse, türkische Süßigkeiten oder gar vollwertige Mahlzeiten verzehrt. Außerdem wird die Shisha oft in möglichst bequemen Räumen auf Kissen oder Teppichen konsumiert, auch Liegen oder Matratzen sind beliebt, um sich anschließend noch zu entspannen oder zu schlafen. Shis hakultur in Deutschland Zunehmend etabliert sich das Shisharauchen in der deutschen Jugendkultur. Eswird oft zur gemütlichen Konversation („Chillen“) in Bars und Cafes verwendet oderdank der Transportfähigkeit auch zu Partys oder Picknicks mitgenommen. In vielen größeren Städten eröffneten sogenannte Shisha-Bars oder Cafés, die neben normalen Getränken und Snacks auch Shishas bereitstellen. Außerdem gibt es inzwischenviele Läden, die Shishas und Zubehör verkaufen - allerdings oft mit minderer QualitätNach einer Studie des BZgA rauchen 14 Prozent der Jugendlichen in Deutschland mindestens ein Mal im Monat Wasserpfeife. Kritiker wie Gesundheitsexperten sprechenbereits von einer Einstiegdroge und vergleichen den Trend mit Alcopops [1]
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